Inertially coupled Ekman layers     

John A. T. Bye   《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2002,35(1)

The inertial coupling model of the surface shear stress at the sea surface (Bye, 1995) which takes account of the surface wavefield, has been applied to couple the Ekman layers of the ocean and atmosphere. We determine the surface shear stress and geostrophic drag coefficient, under barotropic conditions. The results are expressed in terms of the shear between the inertially weighted (i.e. velocity×square root of the density) relative geostrophic velocities in the two fluids, in which the reference velocity need not be specified, a priori. We find, in particular, that the deflection of the relative surface geostrophic wind to the surface shear stress in naturally occurring seastates, is about 9°. In the application of the analysis to general circulation models, it is argued that, since the inertially weighted relative geostrophic velocities in air and water are of similar magnitude, this implies that the surface shear stress can be significantly reduced by the current component of the inertially weighted geostrophic shear, with a corresponding reduction in importance of the Ekman transport.  相似文献   

Adsorption of Pb(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Date Bead Carbon Activated with ZnCl2     

Mohammed Danish  Rokiah Hashim  Mohd Rafatullah  Othman Sulaiman  Anees Ahmad  Govind 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2011,39(4):392-399

This study reports on the adsorption characteristics of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions using ZnCl₂‐activated date (Phoenix dactylifera) bead (ADB) carbon with respect to change in adsorbent dosage, initial pH, contact time, initial concentration, and temperature of the solution. Kinetic studies of the data showed that the adsorption follows the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy change (ΔH° = 55.11 kJ/mol), entropy change (ΔS° = ? 0.193 kJ/mol/K), and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) were also calculated for the uptake of Pb(II) ions. These parameters show that adsorption on the surface of ADB was feasible, spontaneous in nature, and endothermic between temperatures of 298.2 and 318.2 K. The equilibrium data better fitted the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models than the D–R adsorption isotherm model for studying the adsorption behavior of Pb(II) onto the ADB carbon. It could be observed that the maximum adsorption capacity of ADB was 76.92 mg/g at 318.2 K and pH 6.5.  相似文献   

一次强降水过程中尺度系统发生发展动力机制的诊断分析     

杨康权  陈忠明  张琳 《四川气象》2011,(1):12-19

利用1°×1°经纬度NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、地面1h观测降水资料和TRMM卫星产品资料,分析了2009年6月8～9日引发贵州南部的强降水天气过程的中尺度对流系统活动,并进一步研究了大气正压非平衡强迫、湿斜压热动力耦合强迫在强降水天气发生发展与维持过程中的作用。结果表明：8～9日贵州南部的强降水主要是由中尺度系统的发生发展引起的。南海季风不仅给贵州南部强降水区带来充足的水汽,同时也带来足够的能量。正压非平衡强迫在降水的开始阶段与降水落区有较好的对应关系,是强降水的启动机制。斜压热动力耦合强迫在降水的维持阶段,特别是当大气层结转为弱湿中性时,其分布和强度与中尺度对流系统和降水的强度与落区有较好的对应关系,可能是强降水的维持机制。  相似文献   

Review of fundamental principles in modelling unsaturated soil behaviour     

Daichao Sheng 《Computers and Geotechnics》2011

An unsaturated soil is a state of the soil. All soils can be partially saturated with water. Therefore, constitutive models for soils should ideally represent the soil behaviour over entire ranges of possible pore pressure and stress values and allow arbitrary stress and hydraulic paths within these ranges. The last two decades or so have seen significant advances in modelling unsaturated soil behaviour. This paper presents a review of constitutive models for unsaturated soils. In particular, it focuses on the fundamental principles that govern the volume change, shear strength, yield stress, water retention and hydro-mechanical coupling. Alternative forms of these principles are critically examined in terms of their predictive capacity for experimental data, the consistency between these principles and the continuity between saturated and unsaturated states.  相似文献   

A New Mesopsychid (Mecoptera) from the Middle Jurassic of Northeastern China     

SHIH ChungKun  QIAO Xiao  Conrad C. LABANDEIRA  REN Dong 《《地质学报》英文版》2013,87(5):1235-1241

The family Mesopsychidae Tillyard,1917 presently consists of ten described genera from the Early Permian to the Early Cretaceous of Australia,China,Kyrgyzstan,Russia,South Africa,Tajikistan,and Ukraine.Herein,a new genus and a new species of fossil mesopsychid,Epicharmesopsyche pentavenulosa gen.et sp.nov.,is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Inner Mongolia,China,supplementing the family-level diversity.The well-preserved,new material reveals many characters,including antennae,wing venation,shape and genitalia that increase our morphological understanding of the family,although unfortunately the mouthparts and most of the legs are not preserved.Diagnosis of the Mesopsychidae is emended to include a four-or five-branched MP in both the fore-and hind wings.This is the first documentation of a wing coupling structure in the Mesopsychidae,consisting of three to four frenula bristles on the humeral lobe at the base of the costal margin of both hind wings.Asymmetrical shape and size of the left and right wings on a specimen of E.pentavenulosa gen.et sp.nov.,seems to be a common condition for mesopsychid taxa from northeastern China.  相似文献   

应用新方法剖析钻探井失利原因：以塔里木盆地台盆区寒武系碳酸盐岩为例     

陈君青  姜振学  庞雄奇  庞宏  姜福杰 《现代地质》2013,(5)

塔里木盆地台盆区寒武系已发现的碳酸盐岩潜山油气藏显示了巨大的勘探潜力,然而由于塔里木盆地经历了多期的构造运动,早期形成的寒武系碳酸盐岩油气藏经历了后期的调整、改造、破坏和再聚集,油气成藏过程复杂,已有的油气成藏理论难以指导该地区的油气勘探。目前寒武系地层钻探成功率偏低,仅为25％。从地质角度出发,采用“功能要素匹配-构造过程叠合-晚期相势源复合的新方法对塔里木盆地寒武系失利井原因进行分析,试图揭示该地区油气成藏机理,以便有效地指导油气勘探。通过对塔里木盆地寒武系的15口失利井的分析结果表明：80％的失利井由于功能要素不匹配,落在有利成藏领域之外而失利;7％的失利井由于构造过程叠合改造破坏了早期形成的油气藏,落在有利勘探区带之外而失利;13％的失利井由于晚期相-势-源不复合,落在有利勘探目标外而失利。该方法完美地解释了塔里木盆地寒武系钻探失利的原因,说明其在指导油气勘探中的可行性和有效性,对以后的油气勘探具有重大的现实意义。  相似文献   

中国森林乡村的多尺度分异特征与分区优化     

孔雪松  府梦雪  孙建伟  崔家兴 《地理研究》2022,41(7):2051-2064

国家森林乡村建设是实施乡村振兴战略和改善农村人居环境的重要措施,但森林乡村在不同尺度的分异特征及优化方向尚不明晰。本文综合运用探索性空间数据分析、耦合度模型和Voronoi图分析等研究方法,从全国、区域和行政尺度分析了国家森林乡村空间格局、数量规模和内部分异特征,并基于森林乡村与人口耦合关系及乡村可达类型识别,分析了全国森林乡村的分区格局及其优化方向。结果表明：全国森林乡村密度具有明显的东高西低分异特征,长江三角洲地区是森林乡村高密度集中分布最大的连片区。基于县域单元的省域森林乡村泰尔指数差异较大,东南区域森林乡村分布相对均衡,西南和东北区域内部差异显著。森林乡村空间可达性呈现自东向西的梯度递减,森林乡村与人口密度的耦合类型分布具有较强的内部分异性。文章基于森林乡村可达类型与耦合分区的组合分析,将全国划分为重点发展区、特色挖掘区、集聚提升区、适度引导区和功能转型区五类,明确了不同类型区森林乡村建设的重点方向,将为面向乡村振兴的全国森林乡村建设与分区优化提供决策依据。  相似文献   

On coherent ice drift features in the southern Beaufort sea     

《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2014

Previous studies have highlighted reversals in the Beaufort Gyre on regional scales during summer months, and more recently, throughout the annual cycle. In this study we investigate coherent ice drift features associated with individual ice beacons during winter 2008 that may be a signature of ice–coast interactions, atmospheric and/or oceanic forcing. Examined in particular are three case studies associated with reversals in ice beacon trajectories in January and April of 2008; case I corresponds to a meander reversal event in January, case II to a loop reversal event in April, and case III to a meander reversal event located to the northeast of the Mackenzie Canyon in April. An assessment of atmospheric and oceanic conditions during these reversal events shows enhanced ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere dynamical coupling during the Case I meander reversal event in January and comparatively weak coupling during the Case II loop and Case III meander reversal event in April. Absolute (single-particle/beacon) and relative (two-particle/beacon) dispersion results demonstrate dominant meridional ice drift displacement and inter-beacon separation for Case I relative to Cases II and III indicative of ice–ice and ice–coast interactions in January. The results from this investigation provide an ice drift case study analysis relevant to, and template for, high-resolution sea ice dynamic modeling studies essential for safety and hazard assessments of transportation routes and shipping lanes, ice forecasting, and nutrient and contaminant transport by sea ice in the Arctic.  相似文献   

多元系统耦合多新息随机梯度类辨识方法     

丁锋  汪菲菲 《南京气象学院学报》2014,6(1):1-16

针对多元线性回归系统,利用耦合辨识概念和多新息辨识理论,讨论了多元随机梯度算法、多元多新息随机梯度算法,以及变递推间隔多元多新息梯度算法,进一步分解多元系统为一些子系统,给出了耦合子系统随机梯度算法、耦合随机梯度算法、耦合子系统多新息随机梯度算法、耦合多新息随机梯度算法,并将这些方法推广到多元伪线性滑动平均系统和多元伪线性自回归滑动平均系统.文中给出了几个典型耦合随机梯度算法、耦合多新息随机梯度算法的计算步骤和示意图.  相似文献   

湛江东海岛一次春季海雾的宏微观结构及边界层演变特征   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

吕晶晶  牛生杰  张羽  徐峰 《气象学报》2014,72(2):350-365

2011年2—3月利用雾滴谱仪、能见度仪、风廓线雷达及100 m边界层气象要素梯度观测塔在湛江东海岛开展海雾综合观测试验。选取2011年2月23—24日一次约15 h的浓雾过程,从宏微观角度着重分析了其间近地层风、温、湿结构和热、动力演变,微物理过程和爆发性增长特征,及湍流通量输送。结果表明：来自南海暖海面的偏东南暖湿气流平流至广东省沿岸冷海面,发生冷却并达到饱和形成海雾。偏东南暖湿气流为浓雾的酝酿、生成及成熟提供了充沛水汽和稳定的逆温层结条件,逆温强度与暖湿气流强度关系密切。海雾多发生在270 m以下,当630—870 m 高度层存在明显的下沉运动时,150—390 m高度层则可保持近似等温和弱逆温层,阻止了下层（270 m以下）水汽与其上层（390 m以上）干冷空气交换,导致下层大气持续高湿稳定状态。整个过程中,雾滴数浓度（N）、含水量（W）、平均直径（D_ave）、谱宽（D_max）和有效半径（R_eff）的平均值分别为248 cm^-3、0.102 g/cm³、5.2 μm、36.0 μm和7.0 μm。雾滴数浓度（N）与平均直径（D_ave）在雾发展初期（生成、发展）和末期（消散）多成正相关趋势,而在成熟阶段两者多成反相关趋势。雾前4小时稳定层结及偏东南暖湿气流持续增湿可认为是雾层爆发性增长的酝酿阶段,雾滴谱拓宽是经过活跃—稳定—爆发的3阶段完成,湍流混合对其影响不大;浓雾快速消散是雾滴蒸发、重力碰并沉降、湍流碰并沉降等共同作用造成的,其中直径大于21 μm液滴的大量耗散是消散的重要阶段。雾前,湍流由强转弱。雾发生后,湍流持续较弱。由于东南急流引发的风切变导致湍流增强,感热通量出现向上强输送,这与冷海雾维持阶段高层热量交换过程类似。雾消散时,湍流逐渐转强。平均动能在雾前和雾中的两次跃增与偏东南暖湿气流显著增强有关,而雾成熟期湍流动能大幅跃增主要是由雾顶辐射冷却产生的热力湍流和风切变引发的机械湍流增强所致。  相似文献